Within this context of high noxiousness and resistance to extreme conditions, efficient methods for inactivation of pathogenic spores are of utmost importance. Clostridium difficile involved in infectious diarrhea ). by Clostridium botulinum causing botulism ), and fatal paralytic illness (e.g. Bacillus anthracis acting as the etiologic agent of anthrax ), food contamination (e.g. Thus, bacterial spores can cause respiratory infection (e.g. This resilience poses considerable obstacles in inactivation of pathogenic spores, which are related to large number of different diseases. Such resilience and endurance of bacterial spores is explained by a highly dehydrated structure of their core that includes their genomic material and ribosomes, and protection of this core by a multilayer envelope, consisting of a highly impermeable inner membrane, a temperature resistant peptidoglycan cortex, an outer membrane, and chemically resistant protein coat.

Furthermore, spores can remain viable even during geological time spans for instance, spores of Bacillus subtilis were recovered and revived from abdominal contents of extinct bees trapped in amber fossilized 25 to 40 million years ago. Spores can survive in dormant phase in extreme conditions, even in space, and can hence cause contamination during interplanetary missions. Bacterial spores are one of the most resilient life forms known, exceptionally resistant to chemical, environmental and physical stresses.

Spore pt br